Mental Illnesses Explored Schizophrenia - 1450 Words

Mental Illnesses Explored: Schizophrenia Schizophrenia has been associated with the dysregulation of many neurotransmitter systems. Large amounts dopamine is the oldest and most widely accepted theory of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and stems from identification of dopamine D2 receptor blockade as the mechanism of action of antipsychotics. Dopamine D2 binding sites are increased in a person with schizophrenia, which contributes to cognitive impairment. The modern day understanding is suggested that a hyperactive mesolimbic and a hypoactive mesocortical dopamine system underlie the positive and negative symptoms that are seen in schizophrenia. Serotonin, glutamate, GABA and acetylcholine dysregulation have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, in addition to dopamine. Glutamatergic signaling is attenuated in schizophrenia and is distinguished by a loss of NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory neurotransmission. GABA levels are also attenuated due to down regulation of GABA transporter (GAT) gene expression. â€Å"There is a concordant up regulation of GABAA receptors, which may contribute to the alterations in neural synchrony and consequently working memory impairment† (tocris.com, 2015). Although the commonness for males and females is similar, the course of schizophrenia is often more severe and with earlier onset for males. It is important to note that â€Å"false starts and research dead ends have taught the field the need for cautiousness; theShow MoreRelatedThere Has Been An Increase In The Proportion Of Persons Who Associate Mental Illness With Dangerousness1675 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"There has been an increase in the proportion of persons who associate mental illness with dangerousness, violence, and unpredictability† (Markowitz, 2005: 3) With reference to this statement, what is the public understanding of the nature and extent of mental disorder and how accurate is this? Intro This essay will look at the public understanding of the nature of mental disorder and to what extent it is associated with dangerousness and violence. The essay will begin by exploring the public’sRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On People With Severe Mental Illnesses3284 Words   |  14 Pageswith severe mental illnesses committing violent crimes. While is has been acknowledged that not all types mental illnesses cause violent behavior, it is however an instigator for some individuals (Vogel, 2014). Dr. John Gray in 1857 was the first to suggest that serious mental illnesses are associated with homicide or attempted homicide. According to Vogel (2014) a development in mental illness has a risk in the increase of antisocial behavior. In this essay, the types of mental illnesses associatedRead MoreThe Quiet Room : A Journey Out Of The Torment Of Madness1464 Words   |  6 PagesBook Summary The Quiet Room: A Journey Out of the Torment of Madness is an insightful book which revolves around Lori Schiller, who at age 17 started her downward spiral into psychosis induced by schizophrenia, and subsequently recovering enough by her early thirties to regain control over her life. The book is a culmination of Lori’s experiences and those close to her during her treatment. In her note to the reader, Lori explains that the variation of ‘voices’ in the book is to give an accurateRead MoreMental Health Of Individuals Living With Schizophrenia1399 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The mental health of individuals living with schizophrenia not only depends on the severity of their mental illness, it also depends on their inclusion within their community (Michael, 2012). Despite recent advances and treatment, individuals suffering from schizophrenia encounter a considerable stigma that creates barriers to them receiving adequate treatment which in turn hinders their full integration into society (Morgan, 2003). The conceptualization of stigma was explored (Goffman, 1963)Read MoreBirth Defects in differenct Cultures1229 Words   |  5 PagesSince the 1960s, the federal government introduced ways that mentally ill patients could live outside a mental hospital, where they were confined from the general public, and live a normal life. Many communities and mental centers were built to allow continuous and efficient care for those patients from their homes. Yet, the question remains whether or not the whole world has accepted mental illnesses. Many believe that the mentally ill should be hidden from society out of shame and humiliation, butRead MoreSchizophrenia, Culture, And Subjectivity, By Janis Hunter Jenkins And Robert John Barrett1932 Words   |  8 PagesThe text â€Å"Schizophrenia, Culture, and Subjectivity,† edited by Janis Hunter Jenkins and Robert John Barrett is a collection of cross-cultural studies initiated by the World Health Organization with an initiative to explore and analyze the varying dilemmas concerning mental health. The text explores mental illnesses and clinical problems surrounding them, especially schizophrenia. It aims to make note of how schizophrenia treatment varies as influenced by culture. It aids mental health professionalsRead MoreDiagnostic Characteristics And Treatment Of Major Depressive Disorder1396 Words   |  6 Pagesand numerous other disorders. Amongst these mental disorders, the 2014 survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS 2014), demonstrate that affective/mood, anxi ety and substance-use disorders are most prevalent in Australians. Therefore, the diagnostic characteristics and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), panic disorder and alcoholism will be further explored. It is important to note that in conjunction with the DSM-5 for mental health assessment, primary care health professionalsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Bellevue Inside Out Essay985 Words   |  4 Pagespsychology in graduate school to substance abuse problems, to a woman struggling with chronic schizophrenia. Every case is different, but they are all treated with medication; sometimes over-medication. Treatment options do not include long-term care or therapy. The film’s key subject throughout the film was how all of the patients had led sane lives up until the point in which they suffered a mental health crisis. After their crises, they were not able to get out of the system. Their cries, pleasRead MoreThe Biological Approach : Mental Processes And Behaviors1356 Words   |  6 Pagesexamines mental processes and behaviors by focusing on genetics and physiology. Psychologists who use the biological approach believe that mental processes and behaviors are caused and explained by activity between the nervous system and the brain. The biological approach is very scientific; therefore, psychologists can perform consistent, measureable experiments to examine how our genes, neuronal activity, and neurotransmitters interact with our environment and how they influence our mental processesRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1040 Words   |  5 PagesDisorder, is a mental illness that is greatly misunderstood, much like many other mental illnesses. Nicholas Spanos, Professor of Psychology, hypothesized Multiple Personality Disorder as a defense against childhood trauma that creates â€Å"dissociation† or a split mental state. The trauma sustained during childhood is so substantial, that the individual creates different identities to cope with it (Spanos, 1994). The disorder first showed up in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in

The Musings Of A Romanticist - 1188 Words

The Musings of a Romanticist What does Romanticism do to a person? Does it, let uninhibited actions flow free, corrupting human morals? Or does it free the soul from the clutches of society? I thought that Nathaniel Hawthorne’s commentary on uniqueness was compelling. In the Scarlet Letter, he highlights the pros and cons of being yourself. In that, he shows how the lack of individualism can kill a person on the inside. Examples include Roger Chillingworth and Arthur Dimmesdale, both characters who had succumbed to becoming overwhelmingly different than the norm and yet tried to hide it, thus destroying their respective lives at the end of the book. Hester survives the ordeal through showing to the world proof of her romantic notions,†¦show more content†¦Let’s take the word, individuality. Parse it into two different words and you can get â€Å"indivi† and â€Å"duality.† By analyzing this, it’s shown that individuality is the duality of a person is indivi-sible. Individuality shows there is no way to distinguish the personality from the exterior they put out to cope with societal standards. This is the hallmark of what Romanticism means to me. The word individuality, it shows how a person can’t live in society without their own personal effects. That’s why I believe that expressing feelings is important, something that a person can’t live without. Hawthorne also expresses some of the same views as me, shown by the passage he wrote in his introduction The Custom House: Moonlight, in a familiar room, falling so white upon the carpet, and showing all its figures so distinctly,  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€making every object so minutely visible, yet so unlike a morning or noontide visibility,—is a medium the most suitable for a romance-writer to get acquainted with his illusive guests. There is the little domestic scenery of the well-known apartment; the chairs, with each its separate individuality; the centre-table, sustaining a work-basket, a volume or two, and an extinguished lamp; the sofa; the book-case; the picture on the wall;—all these details, so completely seen, are so spiritualized by the unusual light, that they seem to lose their actual substance, and become things of intellect. (Hawthorne 32) In this he represents the moonlight as the

Constructive Discharge Free Essays

Toy Company Memo To:CEO From:Ken Dilger CC: Date:1/22/2012 Re:Employee Lawsuit In 1964 Congress passed a Civil Rights law that outlawed major forms for discrimination against African Americans and women. One of the major features of this law was Title VII which prohibits discrimination by employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of l964 prohibits employers from discriminating against individuals because of their religion in hiring, firing, and other terms and conditions of employment. We will write a custom essay sample on Constructive Discharge or any similar topic only for you Order Now The basics of Title VII are that employers may not treat employees more or less favorably because of their religion and employees cannot be required to participate or refrain from participating in a religious activity as a condition of employment. In Title VII, employers must reasonably accommodate its employee’s religious beliefs and practices unless doing so would create an undue hardship on the employer. A reasonable accommodation is one that eliminates the employee’s conflict between his religious practices and work requirements and that does not cause an undue hardship for the employer (Rel, 2011). These accommodations range from the employee needing a day for their Holy Sabbath day, wanting to wear religious garb to work or having flexible work schedules to accommodate religious Holidays. When an employee asks for an accommodation the employer may not simply refuse to do so. If the request is not in best interest of the company because it would result in an undue hardship, the employer must prove the undue hardship that the company would incur. An undue hardship to the company would include anything other than minimal cost to accommodate the religious practice by the employee. Company Response My recommendation on how to respond is that it was never our intent to create a workplace environment so intolerable that our employees would quit. If the employee thought that the change in schedule was so intolerable why didn’t they file a complaint with their manager? Our records show that there was never a verbal or a written complaint with anyone in management. We can also state the fact that no reasonable person would quit their job over a work schedule that allows them to pick which 4 days of the work week can work. This schedule should actually help them avoid a conflict with working on a religious holiday throughout the year. If the employee does not to drop the lawsuit, there are past precedents showing that their lawsuit, based on constructive discharge, will be very hard for them to win. An employee must prove, prima facia, that they have had their rights violated under the religious accommodation rules of Title VII. They must show that they had a bona fide religious belief that conflicts with an employment requirement, that their employer was made aware of the conflict and that they were subjected to an adverse action not complying with the employment requirement. In this lawsuit the employee did none of the three things mentioned above. Proving a constructive discharge claim will be very hard for the employee to do. There are legal precedents showing that like court case Tepper vs Potter (2007) who have failed to show prima facie in their lawsuits when they claim constructive discharge over their religious holiday suits. C 1 LEGAL REFERENCE #1: In Cosme v Henderson, the employee asked for a Monday thru Friday work schedule for his mail route and it was granted by his boss. When the schedule changed to add Saturdays to his mail route, his boss told him not to change his schedule due to his religious beliefs. The employee did change his schedule to work on Saturday and then filed a constructive discharge claim against the company. The courts ruled in favor of the employer due to their reasonable efforts to accommodate the employee. This supports my recommendation that since the employee never filed a complaint then there was no way for us to accommodate a religious belief conflict. 2: In Brenner v Diagnostic Center Hospital, Mr. Brenner, an Orthodox Jew, was allowed to switch his work shifts with other employees to accommodate his Jewish Holiday schedule. Later that year Brener failed to exchange work shifts and did not appear for work when he was required to. He later resigned sighting constructive discharge due to the affect the company would not accommodate his Jewish Holiday schedule. The courts ruled in favor of the Defendant based on their effort t o accommodate his schedule. The case supports my statement that the company’s new work schedule is flexible enough to allow all employees to meet their religious holiday schedule. #3: In Goldmeier v AllState INS, the Goldmeier’s who are Orthodox Jews could not work on Saturdays during the winter months when AllState changed their corporate policy on their work schedule. AllState did not allow an exception when the Goldmeiers asked for one due to the new work schedule. When the Goldmeiers informed AllState about the constructive discharge lawsuit, AllState then allowed them to work on Sunday to make up for their religious conflict on Saturday. The court ruled in favor of AllState on the facts that the employee did not prove prima facia in their lawsuit and that AllState did not intend to create a hostile work environment when changing the work schedule. This supports my recommendation that since the employee did not file a complaint with upper management that they have no claim of constructive discharge. The case also supports my statement that we did not intend to create a hostile environment to make employees quit but rather to accommodate production. C2 LEGAL RECOMMENDATION My first recommendation to avoid lawsuits in the future is to implement a formal complaint system for the employees to use to communicate to management about workplace conditions that they think are unfair. This will help the company correct any problems before they turn into lawsuits. Another recommendation that I would make is not to use a change in workplace environment or schedule to get employees to resign rather than having to fire them. Doing this can lead to a bad workplace environment for management employees who are in place to enforce this rule. My last recommendation is to have an exit interview with anyone leaving the company. This will allow the employee to give insight on why they are leaving and to make sure there are no ill will towards the company. . References Brener v Diagnostic Center Hospital, 671 F. 2d 141, (5th Cir, 1982) Cosme v Henderson, 287, F. 3d 152, 158 (2d Cir, 2002) Goldmeier v AllState Insurance Company, 337, F. 3d 629 (6th Cir, 2003) Religious Accommodation in the Workplace: Your Rights and Obligations, Anti-Defamation League, New York, New York, (2011). How to cite Constructive Discharge, Papers

Good Health Influence Feelings As Well As Daily Life-Free Samples

Question: Being Healthy Is Important Good Health Influences Feelings As How To Well As Daily Life? Answer: Introduction Being healthy is important. Good health influences feelings as well as daily life. Health means not just the physical healthiness of a person. It includes the societal, psychological and ethnic safety of particular communities in which every individual is competent to attain their whole potential as human beings (Pacquiao, 2016). In this manner, it brings about the complete well-being of a community. This whole life insight embraces the cyclic notion of "life-death-life". Indigenous communities of Australia have inferior health status and expire at younger ages than the non- Indigenous Australians (Schtze, et al., 2017). Thus, analyzing the social determinantsof health is highly significant. Education Education zone is the specific ground that not just mirrors and summarizes the chronological events of abuses, racial discriminations, and exploitation endured by Indigenous people, but also reveals their continuous struggling for equal opportunity and their privileges as human beings. Obstacles to education for Aboriginal children take account of stigmatization of Indigenous ethnicity, prejudiced and discriminatory approaches in schools and colleges, low self-esteem of Indigenous students, an insufficient amount of study materials than the non- Indigenous children and educators. Insufficient educational funds and low quality of edification for Indigenous children are reflected in poorly skilled tutors along with a shortage of books and resources (Day, et al., 2015). Language is also a barrier between Indigenous students and tutors. English being the main medium of teaching imposes a barrier in learning of Aboriginal students because the first language of maximum Aboriginal students is not English. The inappropriate context of teaching materials do not relate to Indigenous lifestyle, thus, become ineffective for Aboriginal students. If teaching materials are completely constructed on white people, Indigenous schoolchildren cannot recognize with their lives.Only 0.7 percent of all teachers in Australia are Aboriginal tutors(Day, et al., 2015). Indigenous educators can bring a broader array of a culturally safe environment into educational institutions and can improve networks with Indigenous communities. The lower rate of education is a cause of poor health outcome among Indigenous communities. Unsatisfactory health literacy is the main problem among older Aboriginal people and is associated with deprived health outcomes. Insufficient health literacy is allied with physical inactivity, inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetable. Inferior education level in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities is accountable for their deprived health literacy rate and capacity to attain the standard health conditions. Individual deficient in health literacy fails to meet regular amount exercise needed for sustaining proper health(Mttus, et al., 2014). Thus, it is evident that people with higher education mostly display superior understanding concerning health. Lower education rate of Indigenous people is a long-standing problem for the Australian government. Sixty percent of Indigenous kids are considerably behind the non- Indigenous kids by the time they initiate their first year. Many programs are being conducted for this purpose. In the year 2016, there were 207,852 children joined schools, identified as ATSI. This number represents an upsurge of 3.6 percent compared to the 2015 values with students of Aboriginal ethnicity presently comprising nearly 5.5 percent of the entire student populace in Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017). This rise remains similar in the current years and reflecting the achievements of educational curriculums conducted for better learning of Aboriginal children. Figure 1: Data of Aboriginal students in Australia from 2006 to 2016 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017) Employment and income Interactions between health outcomes and specific societal determinants are evident. The Higher rate of unemployment and low income negatively impact the Aboriginal health status. People with lower family income tend to have an unhealthy lifestyle. In recent years, rates of the high blood pressure level were greater for those existing in economically deprived situations compared with those in the most privileged conditions. Frequencies of diabetes were also high for people living in the utmost economically deprived situations compared with individuals living advantaged conditions. High to extremely high psychosomatic distress level were also related to lower educational attainment, lower income rate and unemployment(Pacquiao, 2016). In past decades, near about half percentage of Indigenous people in Australia with the maximum family earning quintiles reported having very well to excellent health condition, compared to those people with the lowermost income ratio. Aboriginal people in the uppermost earnings status were less likely than people in the lowermost earnings ratio to visit casualties and outpatient services. Nearly half proportion of the Indigenous Australians who had completed their school education reported having good to excellent health status as they were capable of earn. People who were working were more likely to demonstrate very well to outstanding health status than those who were unemployed (Pacquiao, 2016). Figure 2: Association among income and health determinants of Indigenous adults. Many surveys on Aboriginal Australians showed that they were much more likely to family stressors for being unemployed compared with non-Indigenous Australians. These stressors were higher for Aboriginal young adult men.The redundancy rate for Aboriginal individuals was thirteen percent in cities, nineteen percent in regional zones and fifteen percent in remote parts. The unemployment rate for Aboriginal men of cities declined to twelve percent however the rate for Aboriginal women these cities remained fourteen percent. In regional zones, the redundancy rate for Aboriginal men was twenty percent while this rate for Aboriginal women was nineteen percent (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017). The most vital findings of some studies revealed that all the unemployed Indigenous people had considerably poor mental health condition as compared to those in employment. These findings suggest that there is a connection between mental health and work status of a person. It indicated that people attach at least some of their self-esteem to being employed and productive members of the society (Hopkins, et al., 2015). Unemployed Aboriginal people were more likely to be daily smokers(fifty-eight percent compared to forty-one percent) and to useillegal ingredients(thirty percent compared with twenty percent) than those who were employed. Surveys also showed a connection between acquaintance to health risk elements and income (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017). Housing Several surveys have ascertained that (Social determinants of health, 2017). A major ratio of Aboriginal housing, chiefly in isolated country sides has been built poorly. Evidence also showed poor accommodation and overcrowding in remote zones impose adverse impacts on health (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2017). This inequality in health status may be a result of the population characteristics in remote parts. There is a strong relationship between socioeconomic condition and wellbeing. Lower socioeconomic conditions give rise to worse their health outcomes (Berkman, et al., 2014). Since a higher percentage of remote residents are Indigenous people, they have deprived health status compared to those urban and regional residents. Their health may be poorer as a consequence of socio-economic deprivation instead of only geographical and environmental factors associated with remoteness. Just thirty-eight percent of Aboriginal people lived inmajor metropolises compared with over seventy percent of non-Indigenous Australians (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2017). Indigenous people living in poor housing conditions have worse life expectations, higher frequencies of chronic and preventable diseases, and a greater possibility of hospitalization than non-Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal people generally build their houses inremote and very remotezones. Housing conditions of remote and very remote regions impose higher degrees of hospitalization due to infections, skin diseases, respiratory disorders, injuries, circulatory diseases, and dialysis compared with Aboriginal residents inmajor cities (Melody, et al., 2016). Several factors influence the housing conditions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. These factors are education, employment status, earnings, population growth, remoteness, funding, community infrastructures, cultural aspects and property proprietorship. In specific, employment status and income rate affect the affordability of better housing (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017). Housing conditions can impact health and wellbeing in several direct and indirect pathways. These paths consist of physical, biological, chemical, societal and economical elements. Better housing environments can decrease disease burden and increase contribution in education and employment(Rashbrooke, 2013). A survey in New South Wales displayed that upgraded Aboriginal housing conditions were interconnected with a forty percent decline in hospital separations for infections and declines in chronic illnesses. The impacts of housing on Aboriginal health can differ across climatic regions, geographies, and tenure. The deviation is also prominent amid residents in cities, towns, remote zones and homeland settings with deprived housing conditions being a serious concern in remote communities (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2017). Racism and racial discrimination The chronic endurance of racial discrimination leads to risky anxiety conditions which can source inflammation, obesity, and persistent illnesses. As revealed by the Health Surveys of year 2012 to 2013, 16% of Aboriginal people said that they were treated badly in the previous 12 months for the cause that they were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders. Additional research has presented sixteen to ninety-seven percent self-reported complaints of racial discrimination among Aboriginal people (Truong, et al., 2014).Many local surveys on Indigenous individuals revealed that nearly all of the contributors had endured at least a single episode of racial behavior in their lifespan. This social determinant of health can have significant impacts on mental wellbeing of Indigenous people. Some current surveys have found that racial discrimination is usually develop in non- Indigenous people by avoiding Indigenous people on public vehicles and observing verbal abuse of Aboriginal people by seei ng others (Fredrickson, 2015). The health status of the Aboriginal populace in Australia is poorer in contrast to the non- Indigenous Australian populace because of racial discriminations. Direct impacts of racism on Indigenous health is racially motivated self-harm. Stress, anxiety and adverse emotional reactions due to racism contribute to mental ill health, as well as harmfully affecting the cardiovascular, immune and endocrine systems. A vast disparity gap exists across every statistical data of Aboriginal persons. Several research established that there is a projected gap of nearly 17 years of life expectation among non-Indigenous and Indigenous people in Australia. For every age group less than 65 years, the age-specific death rate for Aboriginal inhabitants are twice than the non- Indigenous people in Australia(Kelaher, et al., 2014). Racial discrimination inhibits Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people from enjoying an equal right to be as healthy as non-Indigenous people in Australia. The inequality in the health status of Aboriginal people is associated with racial discrimination which causes separation from the community services and reduced access to health care facilities. Racism can arise at different conceptual levels that are interconnected and often overlap in practice. Exposure to persistent racial events can cause acceptance of beliefs, attitudes, and dogmas by induvial of stigmatised ethnic groups about the inferiority of their own ethnic group (Paradies, et al., 2014). Poor health consequences as a result of racial discriminations are preventable and systematic. During the past decade, there has been some progress in reducing the inequality gap between non-Indigenous and Aboriginal Australians but this progress inadequate for closing this gap. Further advancement is essential in cases of long-term processes such as life expectation. For removing the main sources of prejudice rooted in the health care setting requires structural modifications. Applicabl e guidelines that address different causes of prejudice can decrease racial discriminations in health care settings. (Penner, et al., 2014). Conclusion Identifying the key components affecting the health of the Indigenous populace is crucial to reduce the health inequalities and improving their health status. Social determining factors of health are the societal and economic traits and their distribution amongst the populace that impacts the health outcomes in a community and individual levels. These arefactors existing in living and occupational environments of a person, rather than being individualrisk factors. The social determinants of health have a tendency to group together, for example, people existing below the poverty line or individuals experiencing racial discriminations also endure numerous other antagonistic societal determinants. References Abs.gov.au. (2017). Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Government. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au. Aihw.gov.au. (2017). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au. Berkman, L., Kawachi, I. Glymour, M., 2014. Social epidemiology. 2nd ed. the United States of America: Oxford University Press. Day, A., Nakata, V., Nakata, M. Martin, G., 2015. Indigenous students' persistence in higher education in Australia: contextualising models of change from psychology to understand and aid students' practices at a cultural interface. Higher Education Research Development, Volume 34(3), pp. 501-512. Fredrickson, G., 2015. Racism: A short history. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Hopkins, K., Shepherd, C., Taylor, C. Zubrick, S., 2015. Relationships between Psychosocial Resilience and Physical Health Status of Western Australian Urban Aboriginal Youth. PloS one, Volume 10(12). Kelaher, M., Ferdinand, A. Paradies, Y., 2014. Experiencing racism in health care: the mental health impacts for Victorian Aboriginal communities.. The Medical Journal of Australia, Volume 201(1), pp. 44-47. Melody, S. et al., 2016. A cross-sectional survey of environmental health in remote Aboriginal communities in Western Australia. International journal of environmental health research, Volume 26(5-6), pp. 525-535. Mttus, R. et al., 2014. Towards understanding the links between health literacy and physical health. Health Psychology, Volume 33(2), p. 164. Pacquiao, D., 2016. Social Determinants of Health. Global Healthcare: Issues and Policies, p. 159. Paradies, Y., Truong, M. Priest, N., 2014. A systematic review of the extent and measurement of healthcare provider racism. Journal of general internal medicine, Volume 29(2), pp. 364-387. Penner, L. A., Blair, I. V., Albrecht, T. L. Dovidio, J. F., 2014. Reducing racial health care disparities: a social psychological analysis. Policy insights from the behavioral and brain sciences, Volume 1(1), pp. 204-212. Rashbrooke, M. e. 2., 2013. Inequality: A New Zealand Crisis. New Zealand: Bridget Williams Books. Schtze, H., Pulver, L. Harris, M., 2017. What factors contribute to the continued low rates of Indigenous status identification in urban general practice?-A mixed-methods multiple site case study. BMC health services research, Volume 17(1), p. 95. Truong, M., Paradies, Y. Priest, N., 2014. Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: a systematic review of reviews. BMC health services research, Volume 14(1), p. 99. World Health Organization. (2017). Social determinants of health. Available at: https://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/